1337 Beginning of the 100 Year War
1348-49 Black Death
1304-74 Petrarch
1313-75 Boccaccio
1360 First Harpsichord
French Ars Nova
Isorhythmic motet
Two relatively equal faster voices moved over a very slow tenor with long repeating rhythmic patterns (called talea) and sometimes a repeating melodic pattern (called color). Talea and color usually did not coincide. Isorhythm was occasionally found in the upper voices, too. Characteristic cadences were:
(1) Lydian (double leading tone) with a leading tone to the fifth as well as the octave, and
(2) Landini with 7 – 6 – 1 melody.
Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300-77) composed 23 motets, three in four voices.
Mass
A four-part Ordinary in conductus-like style was composed by Machaut called the Messe de Notre Dame (probably before 1340).
Chace
The chace was a two or three voiced canon at the unison composed by Machaut.
Chanson
Machaut Chanson | |--------------- optional instrumental—Triplum |
| |French text - vocal—Cantus | |
| |--------------- freely composed, instrumental—Tenor | |
| |--------------- optional instrumental—Contratenor |
Chansons by Machaut were the earliest polyphonic solo songs. The trouvère melodies in the three traditional formes fixes:
| Type | Rondeau | Virelai | Ballade |
| Music | ABAAABAB | ABBAA | AAB, AAB, etc. |
| Text | abcadaea | Abcda | abc, ade, etc. |
These were usually accompanied by freely composed instrumental tenor and contratenor parts. Machaut used all four prolations (2/4, 3/4, 6/8, 9/8) in his 21 rondeaux, 33 virelais (25 monophonic) and 42 ballades (2-4 parts).
Italian Trecento
Caccia
Caccia was a two part canon with a supporting tenor; the form had a closing ritornello. Composers were Magister Piero, Giovanni da Cascia and Jacopo da Bologna (fl. c. 1350). Hocket was common.
Madrigal
Two or three three-line stanzas repeated the same music, followed by a contrasting two-line ritornello (AAB or AAAB). The music was in two fairly equal voices with an upper melody and melismatic passages; also composed by Giovanni and Jacopo.
Songs on the Black Death
In Germany songs on the black death were called Geisslerlieder, and a Spanish collection was the Llibre Vermell.
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