1215 Magna Carta
1226-35 Regency of Louis IX, France
1229 Inquisition established
Monophony
Laude
Laude were Italian religious songs at the time of St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226).
Minnesingers
The Minnesingers were poet-musicians of noble birth who flourished from the 12th to the 14th centuries. Influenced by the troubadours, the movement began with the marriage of Frederick Barbarossa to Beatrix of Burgundy in 1156. Though "Minne" means chivalrous love, texts were usually narrative or devotional. An important early Minnesinger was Walther von der Vogelweide (d. 1230). About 175 songs of the Minnesingers are extant—all in either the Bar form (AAB, two Stollen and an Abgesang) or the Leich (sequence structure).
Polyphony
Notre Dame Organum
There were no new developments and the form died out between 1220 and 1230.
Motet
| Polylingual motet | |--French---- faster modes—Triplum |
| |--Latin------ faster modes—Motetus | |
| |-------------- mode 5—Tenor |
It still showed the form of Perotin's three-voice clausulae (middle voice called motetus). New in this generation was the use of secular French text; some had two different French texts (polytextual) while some showed one French voice and one Latin voice (polylingual). There were no outstanding composers.
Theory and Notation
The shift from organum to motet brought changes: (1) the score arrangement of organum parts changed to individual parts, as in the diagram opposites, and (2) the joined note heads used in the ligatures of modal notation were replaced by not clearly mensural single notes for use with a text. Before Franco the distinction between longa and brevis gradually developed and the semibrevis and rests were introduced.
Discontus Positio Vulgaris (c. 1225) was a treatise on black mensural notation.
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